Faculty of Management and Commerce

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http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11837/195
The Faculty of Management and Commerce collection in DSpace at the University of Fort Hare provides access to the scholarly and research outputs of staff and students. This collection includes research publications, conference papers, and examination question papers. The Faculty is dedicated to developing knowledge and skills in the fields of management, economics, business, accounting, finance, administration, and entrepreneurship, equipping graduates to play a leading role in both the public and private sectors. Teaching and research within the Faculty address critical issues such as economic development, business innovation, ethical leadership, corporate governance, and sustainable entrepreneurship, with a focus on the African and global contexts. By preserving and disseminating these resources, the collection supports teaching, learning, and research, while contributing to the advancement of knowledge and practice in commerce, management, and economic transformation.

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    A cloud computing adoption framework for financial service institutions in South Africa
    (University of Fort Hare, 2015-12) Introna, Nicolette
    Financial service providers in South Africa are failing to leverage the benefits that cloud computing could contribute to their business and clients. The primary objectives of cloud computing include reducing overall Information Technology (IT) service costs and processing time whilst increasing process throughput, reliability, availability and flexibility. However, despite these advantages, both strategically and operationally, there is still a relatively slow adoption rate. This can be attributed to the potential pitfalls of the technology such as security concerns, failure downtime resulting from server maintenance or unforeseen outages, implementation complexity and compatibility issues. Very few migration readiness assessment strategies exist, and those that do exist are focused at a much higher level of abstraction.
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    A Comparative analysis of the determinants and behavior of investment demand between South Africa and Zimbabwe
    (University of Fort Hare, 2007) Malumisa, Sambulo
    The study investigates the determinants of private investment in South Africa and Zimbabwe employing annual data over the period 1980-2006. The focus is on Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Government Debt, Inflation, and interest rate policies. The data is subjected to stationarity and co integration tests, applied Vector Autoregressive and error correction models to estimate long- and short-run coefficients. The results suggest that GDP for both countries has a positive effect on private investment over the period of study. Government debt has a crowding out effect on private investment for Zimbabwe, for South Africa the effect is insignificant. Inflation for both countries negatively affects private investment. An interesting results supported data for developing countries is the positive relationship between interest rates and private investment.
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    A comparative study of the marginalisation and exclusionary effects on internally displaced persons (idps) in the diverse forms of internal displacement in Zimbabwe
    (University of Fort Hare, 2024-11-30) Sikuka, Alois Neza
    Globally, states are expected to recognise and offer assistance to all its citizens including those internally displaced without any form of discrimination and segregation. In Zimbabwe, literature on internal displacement points to the state as being responsible for the IDPs, but at the same time is also responsible for ameliorating internally displaced person’s effects. Subsequently, political recognition of the internally displaced individuals by the state builds restoration of sustainable livelihoods and capabilities of the displaced populations. Using an inductive method approach and drawing on capabilities, entitlement and sustainable livelihood approaches, the study investigates the marginalisation of internally displaced individuals in Zimbabwe and exclusionary effects on them with a comparative analysis of the three provinces. Data were collected from the internally displaced individuals, authorities, host communities and development partners. Content examination was applied to analyse qualitative data, supplemented with descriptive analyses of statistics assembled in this study. The research revealed massive marginalisation and exclusion of internally displaced groups in the three provinces under research in Zimbabwe. The non-recognition and exclusion IDPs point to the failure of the state to apply social justice, promotion and protection of human rights, constitutionality, of the IDPs. Furthermore, the study exposed a power struggle between the state and the development partners resulting in vulnerability of the internally displaced groups thereby reducing their capabilities to their entitlements to achieve durable solutions. Another significant observation of the study was the lack of possession of legal documents such as identification cards destroyed during the displacement cycle. In addition, lack of security of tenure has negatively affected accessing the basic social, economic, political and environmental services to enhance livelihoods and sustainable integration for the internally displaced individuals. The main conclusion reached in the study is that IDPs in Zimbabwe have not been recognised and are usually deprived of their human rights, capabilities, entitlements, human capital and livelihoods. Therefore, in order to recognise, protect and offer assistance to the IDPs, the international community through its various mandated instruments should act and ensure viable, integration interventions for internally displaced individuals are implemented by the state. This will in the long run promote sustainable integration, and improve livelihoods for the marginalized IDPs in Zimbabwe. The study posits that sustainable attainment of durable solutions for internally displaced persons depends on the functionality of the study`s three recognition, empirical and exclusion dilemmas linking with concepts of capabilities, livelihoods and entitlements.
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    A Comparison of Open Source Native XML Database Products
    (University of Fort Hare, 2005-12) Mabanza, Ntima
    Since the advent of XML technology, one of the areas where it has made its mark is in data interchange between applications or businesses. As a result, there has been an increase in the number of XML documents generated from business transactions. Consequently, there is considerable work being done in the database research community with the aim to develop software to effectively process and manage XML documents. Open Source Native XML database systems are one example of a new generation of database technologies developed to address this issue. The decision to adopt these technologies can be based on several factors depending on the user's needs.
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    A consequence management model for local government in South Africa
    (University of Fort Hare, 2024-11) Lungisa, Sithenkosi; Nzewi, O I; Olutuase, S
    In the quest to execute their constitutional mandate to provide and render services to citizens and communities, South African municipalities are required to attain and achieve financial accountability. Achieving and attaining standards of good financial governance has been a mammoth task for most municipalities in South Africa. The challenge has been attributed to financial mismanagement, funds misappropriation and the incapacity to execute legislative frameworks. Municipalities have been unable to take stringent actions against officials/ operatives who transgress law and misuse municipal financial resources. Consequently, present study explores the meaning and practices of Consequence Management to determine possible strategies and measures to enforce the practice of good financial governance within municipalities. Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality (BCMM) was selected as context; the sample consisted of employees from Budget and Treasury, Corporate Services and Infrastructure and Town Planning; Political Structures which comprise of (Council, Mayoral Committees, the Portfolio Committees and Municipal Public Accounts Committee). COSO Enterprise Risk Management Framework 2017 (ERM), Reinforcement Theory (RT), and Contingency Theory of Ethics (CTE) were adopted to frame Consequence Management. The adoption necessitated a two-phased Sequential Explanatory Mixed Method (SEMM), supported by pragmatism philosophy application. An exploratory case study design permitted this research to examine multiple aspects as it relates to practices of Consequence Management in the South African local government system. In the quantitative phase, questionnaire data sourced from 223 municipal employees was analysed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) through the AMOS (version 29) to identify critical elements that describe Consequence Management. Analysis was followed by the qualitative phase where 13 interview transcripts were selected from the sample of quantitative phase. The qualitative data was generated by transcribing into text audio clips and were analysed with content analysis through python (Version 3.12), to understand the quantitative phase results. Findings of this study shed light and revealed that while Consequence Management exists in municipalities, it is presented neither without structure, nor a willingness to implement its very basic components from risk management to employee performance management. Municipalities seem to be subsumed with political tensions where the pull between political structures and administrative process mostly favours politically designed motives and not administrative-due processes. As a response to the narrated debilitating state of municipal financial governance – present study presumably contributes by providing a consequence management model to enhance the ability of municipalities to ensure effective and efficient implementation of regulatory frameworks.
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    A Critical Assessment of Public Private Partnerships as a Viable and Appropriate Institutional Model for the Provision of Water Services in Queenstown
    (University of Fort Hare, 2007-01) Mengezeleli, Sipho
    Since the first democratic local government, one of the biggest challenges of municipalities in South Africa has been to ensure that local government is transformed to reflect a developmental character that provides efficient and equitable services to all communities. Mobilising resources and building appropriate institutional capacity have become critical for successful implementation of local economic development initiatives and the provision of services.
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    A Critical Assessment of Twinning in the Department of Agriculture, Eastern Cape Province (1996-2005)
    (University of Fort Hare, 2008-04) Lwanga-Inga, Ivan
    The Department of Agriculture in the Province of the Eastern Cape has twinned with a number of countries since 1996, the latest being Spain in 2005. There is a total absence of how twinning and the projects therein has performed thus far. Without this sort of information, it is impossible to determine the usefulness of such programmes within the department.
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    A critical evaluation of the administrative architecture for nongovernmental organisations and their role in allievating poverty in Zimbabwe: The case of Mwenezi district municipality.
    (University of Fort Hare, 2014-11) Shava, Elvin
    The study set out to evaluate the administrative architecture for Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and their role in alleviating poverty in some vulnerable communities in Zimbabwe. The study evaluated the institutional or organisational structures of NGOs such as capacity building, accountability, strategic planning and transparency and monitoring and evaluation structures among others, to see if they are able to alleviate poverty in rural areas. Five NGOs: Plan International, CARE, Christian Care, Aquaculture Zimbabwe and Mwenezi Development Training Centre operating in Mwenezi District were chosen as ideal case studies due to their roles in alleviating poverty in the district. The study adopted a qualitative approach whereby interview schedules and secondary analysis were used to collect data. The main purpose of conducting semi-structured interviews was to get an in-depth inquiry on the nature and administrative structures of NGOs. As a result, NGO field officers and programme managers were interviewed as key informants since they possess intimate knowledge on how their respected organisations operated in rural areas. Findings from the study were categorised into themes which flow according to research questions. The results indicated that NGOs face critical challenges in trying to revamp their administrative structures. There was lack of capacity building, poor governance, and lack of financial sustainability, corruption, lack of monitoring and evaluation officers which inhibit effective service provision in rural communities.
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    A critical evaluation of the role of community development workers (CDWs) in enhancing service delivery in local government: A case of Baffalo Metropolitan Municipality.
    (University if Fort Hare, 2013-01) Ndudula, Nosisa
    The introduction of Community Development Workers (CDWs) by the government into the service delivery chain without proper consultation with the relevant stakeholders has created many problems and challenges at the local sphere of government. The Community Development Workers Programme (CDWP) was launched without a proper institutional framework arrangement to cater for CDWs at the municipal level. Worse more the CDWs were deployed to operate at ward level without consultation and deliberation with inter alia the Department of Local Government and Traditional Affairs, municipalities, ward committees and councillors.
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    A decent work-needs-professional development model: A case of rural teachers at Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
    (University of Fort Hare, 2024-11) Dlaza, Zikhona; Chinyamurindi, W; Chudzikowski, K
    This study aims to test a decent work, needs-professional development model of rural teachers to determine the effect of decent work on teacher professional development. Specifically, the study explores the role of need satisfaction (i.e., survival, social contribution, and self-determination) in the relationship between decent work and rural teacher’s professional development. Rural teachers face distinct challenges that are unique to their environment. These challenges stem from several sources linked to impoverishment, lack of resources, isolation, and overcrowded classrooms. Subsequently, this determines the degree to which teachers participate in professional development activities that impact the provision of quality education. Therefore, this study seeks to understand how improving work conditions (decent work) can influence teachers' professional growth in these settings. Data was collected through a self-administered questionnaire from a sample of 330 rural teachers in Raymond Mhlaba Municipality, located in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The study analysed the data using structural equation modelling (SEM). The results of the SEM indicated that decent work has a positive but non-significant effect on teacher professional development. Moreover, decent work positively and significantly predicted the needs satisfaction of rural teachers. Survival need satisfaction mediated the effect of decent work on rural teachers' professional development, while social contribution and self-determination need satisfaction had no significant mediating effect. The findings of this study suggest that the more the rural teachers perceive their work as decent and feel that their survival needs are fulfilled, the more they participate in teacher professional development activities. Furthermore, the study extends the literature on the antecedents of teacher professional development, and the results can offer some implications. Specifically, it can guide policymakers in developing targeted interventions to address the specific challenges that rural teachers face and impact their access to professional development programmes. Practitioners and educational stakeholders can use the study’s findings to advocate for the work conditions that fulfil the needs of rural teachers as a strategy to enhance teaching practices and career development prospects. In the epilogue, this study is critical because it highlights the importance of addressing decent work conditions that fulfil the needs of rural teachers as a strategy to enhance their professional development.
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    A Qualitative Study of the Problems Experienced by Black Career Women in the Border Region
    (University of Fort Hare, 1993-02) Sishuba, Nandipha Megan
    Black women in South Africa are exposed to double discrimination, because they are both black and women. However, very little is known about the black career woman, particularly the problems she experiences, her strengths which make her to move upwards on the occupational ladder despite her problems. This investigation explored these issues within a qualitative research paradigm, using a phenomenological approach. Ten black career women in the Border region were interviewed using a semi-structured interview to elicit responses about the problems they experience as black career women. Existing research on career women has tended to concentrate on white career women and there is also a lack of qualitative research in this area.
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    A Review of thr Employee Assistance Programme (EAP) in the Eastern Cape Region of the Pepublic of South Africa Between the Years 2000-2005. (A Case Study of the Department of Agriculture)
    (University of Fort Hare, 2007-11) Musoke, Aloyisuis Kayonga
    The main objective of the research was to review the implementation of the Employee Assistance Programme (EAP) In the Department of Agriculture of the Eastern Cape Province. According to the Public Service Regulations, the government has a duty and responsibility to deliver services to all its citizens. It however follows that the level of service delivery that such citizens has an irrevocable right to depends a lot on the maintenance of a healthy civil service workforce.
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    Adapting to climate change to achieve household food security: A case study of small-scale farmers at Dzindi smallholder irrigation scheme in the Limpopo Province of South Africa.
    (University of Fort Hare, 2012) Chigavazira, Blessing Munyaradzi
    This dissertation explored adaptation mechanisms and adaptation options employed by rural small-scale farmers at Dzindi Irrigation Scheme to achieve food security in the midst of climate change as well as reflecting on the role of the state in building capacity of rural small-scale farmers to adapt to climate change. The study employed qualitative research techniques and data was obtained through semi-structured interviews with 40 small-scale farmers at Dzindi smallholder irrigation scheme.Irrigation control, high yielding crop varieties (HYVs), drought resistant crop varieties, drip irrigation are among a host of adaptation strategies successfully employed by farmers at Dzindi. These strategies have been effective in giving the farmers a lifeline in terms of household food supply and income.However, lack of funding, modern infrastructure and equipment has hampered adaptation efforts at the scheme. This has been compounded by lack of support from the Government. Government seemingly has not done enough to capacitate and assist famers to adapt to climate change.
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    Adopting employer-drive human resource development as a strategy in bridging the skills gap in South Africa
    (University of Fort Hare, 2010-11-02) Samuel, Michael Olurunjuwon
    Skills shortage has been generally and consistently identified as the single most important constraint to accelerated and sustainable economic growth in South Africa. The government is targeting an annual economic growth rate of 7%, but economic analysts and experts have predicted that government may not be able to achieve this objective unless there is a remarkable transformation of the skills profile presently obtainable in the country's labour market. This has necessitated a growing concern that a skill crisis was becoming a 'binding constraint' on development, prompting new government · interventions prioritising ways to address skills shortages and mismatches.
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    Adopting employer-driven human resource development as a strategy in bridging the skills gap in South Africa
    (University of Fort Hare, 2010) Samuel, Michael Olorunjuwon
    Skills shortage has been generally and consistently identified as the single most important constraint to accelerated and sustainable economic growth in South Africa. The government is targeting an annual economic growth rate of 7%, but economic analysts and experts have predicted that government may not be able to achieve this objective unless there is a remarkable transformation of the skills profile presently obtainable in the country’s labour market. This has necessitated a growing concern that a skill crisis was becoming a ‘binding constraints’ on development, prompting new government interventions prioritising ways to address skills shortages and mismatches. The primary objective of this study therefore was to conduct an empirical study in order to determine the contribution of employers and the Sector Education and Training Authorities (SETAs) towards employee training and development. In addition, the study evaluated the impact of affirmative action policy as it affects the shortage and turnover of highly-skilled South Africans. Equally central to this study was the need to establish the degree of misalignment between the skills that are being produced locally by the Higher Education and Training institutions on the one hand, and those skills that are needed for continuous economic growth in the country on the other hand. In order to achieve these objectives, 160 organisations, both in the public and private sectors of the economy were surveyed. A questionnaire, measured on a five-point Likert scale, and also containing some ordinal questions was used to collect primary data from respondents (Training and Development Managers). The data collected was analysed using various statistical methods in order to arrive at a meaningful interpretation and conclusions. The major findings of the study presented evidence of employees’ participation in various training programmes provided by employers and SETAs. However, these training programmes were not conducted within the context of the National Qualifications Framework band. This failure makes certification and national recognition of such training and development outcomes to be difficult. The study further finds that employers were almost equally divided on the extent to which implementation of the affirmative action policy (through the Employment Equity Act, Act 55 of 1998) in the workplaces has contributed to skills shortages and turnover of highly skilled employees and professionals in South Africa. Statistical data of bachelor degree graduates from 2005 – 2008 was collected from six comprehensive universities and universities of technology. The data indicates the fields of study by undergraduate bachelor degree graduates. This was done in order to assist in determining the supply-side of skills trajectory. The data was analysed and compared with the demand-side characteristics of skills, which was established through literature review. The result of the analysis shows that there was a significant misalignment between the demand and supply side trajectories. This suggests that the demand for certain skills that are needed for sustainable economic growth far outstrip those currently produced by the Higher Education and Training system. The study made appropriate recommendations to the Education and Labour authorities in South Africa based on the findings of the research. Limitations of the study were identified and possible directions for future research were highlighted.
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    Advanced Marketing Strategy: BEC 516/E, Supplementary Examinations June 2025
    (University of Fort Hare, 2025-06) Chimucheka, T.; Ford, M.; Oosthuizen, N.
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    Alignment of the Eastern Cape department of local government and traditional affairs strategic plan with Alfred Nzo district municipality integrated development plan for effective municipal service delivery (2007-2009).
    (University of Fort Hare, 2013) Sogoni, Vuyiswa Gertrude
    The study focuses on the relationship and interlinkage between Department of Local Government and Traditional Affairs (DLGT A) strategic plan and Integrated Development Planning (IDP) for Alfred Nzo District Municipality. A provincial Plan should seek to address the needs of citizens within its jurisdiction. To this end, municipalities are directly responsible for service delivery. Provincial plans should guide what municipalities do, in this case DLGT A plays a supporting role in the duties and objectives of Alfred Nzo District Municipality. The DLGT A is not service oriented; it coordinates and ensures that sector departments intervene and provide their relative or relevant services to the municipalities. The study found that the DLGTA strategic plan is not directly linked to Alfred Nzo District Municipality IDP which they seeks to achieve a different constitutional mandate. The time frames within which Alfred Nzo District Municipality and DLGTA develop these two plans are different. This makes it practically impossible to have an integrated and coherent service delivery between the two spheres of government. It is recommended that the timing for the formulation of the two plans should talk to each other. Also, municipal officials should be involved in the formulation of the DLGT A strategic plan and vice versa. This would contribute to a positive relationship between the two plans. The study gives further in-depth recommendations thereof.
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    Alignment of the Eastern Cape Department of local government and traditional affairs strategic plan with Alfred Nzo District Municipality intergrated development plan for effective municipality service delivery (2007-2009)
    (University of Fort Hare, 2010) Sogoni, Vuyiswa Gertrude
    The study focuses on the relationship and interlinkage between Department of Local Government and Traditional Affairs (DLGTA) strategic plan and Integrated Development Planning (IDP) for Alfred Nzo District Municipality. A provincial Plan should seek to address the needs of citizens within its jurisdiction. To this end, municipalities are directly responsible for service delivery. Provincial plans should guide what municipalities do, in this case DLGTA plays a supporting role in the duties and objectives of Alfred Nzo District Municipality. The DLGTA is not service oriented; it coordinates and ensures that sector departments intervene and provide their relative or relevant services to the municipalities.
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    An Analysis of Casuality between Savings and Economic Growth in South Africa: (1980-2006)
    (2008-11) Murombo, Takunda
    The causal relationship between savings and economic growth has largely remained a debatable subject despite much research into this relationship. A number of recent empirical studies cast doubt on the unidirectional relationship using both time series and cross sectional data and have come up with different results supporting the possibility of bi-directional causal relationships. The literature has also suggested the relationship may differ from country to country.
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    An analysis of Chiradzulu District council's impact on service delivery in Malawi (1998 TO 2010).
    (University if Fort Hare, 2011-05) Nkasala, Bennet Francis
    Since Malawi became independent in 1964, the local government has undergone several transformations. These transformations have all been aimed at making local governments more responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens they serve. The transformations took centre stage in 1998, when District Councils were established through the enactment of the Local Government Act no. 42 of 1998. Councils (Local Governments) are the spheres of government, situated closest to the people, and considered to be in the best position to provide effective and efficient public service delivery. The assumption is that the establishment of District Councils has apotential to positively impact on service delivery in Malawi. This study, therefore, analyses the impact of Chiradzulu District Council on public services delivery from 1998 to 2010.