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Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo
(Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, 1830) Rene, C.
I offer, at length, to the public the narrative of my travels in the interior of Africa, which should have appeared long since: several causes have, however, concurred during the fifteen months that have elapsed since my return to my native soil, to retard its publication till the present time. I have brought home, from the regions I have traversed, only fugitive and very laconic notes, written in haste and trepidation: they would have been inexorable evidence against me, had I surprised, tracing unknown characters, and unveiling as it were to the Whites the mysteries of these countries.
Race Attitudes in South Africa
(Oxford University Press, 1937) MacCrone, I. D. and Phil, M.A.D.
The racial situation, as it exists in South Africa today, has become almost an obsession in the minds of many, both within and, to some extent, beyond the borders of the Union. And for very good reason, since the problems arising from that situation are not only of immediate and personal significance in the lives of all the inhabitants of the country, irrespective of their skin colour, but also involve certain principles that have hitherto been regarded as fundamental to the civilisation of which the European in South Africa is, at present, the chief representative.
The British Case in French Congo
(London William Heinemann, 1903) Morel, Edmund D.
The story unfolded in these chapters is, so far as I am aware, without precedent in the history of relations between civilised communities. In modern times, at any rate, nothing in any remote degree approaching it has been recorded. True, the treatment meted out to British merchants in the French Congo is somewhat analogous to the proceedings recently employed by the officials of the Congo State towards the Austrian merchant, the late Mr. Rabinek. But even here, the comparison is not wholly sound, because the actions of the Congo State authorities have long since debarred that so-called State from any claim to the epithet “civilised.”
The moderating effect of gender on physical activity participation and physical fitness in children
(AOSIS Publishing, 2024-08-20) Gomwe, Howard; Phiri, Lesego; Marange, Chioneso
Background
The level, direction or presence of the relationship between perceived physical activity (PA) participation and physical fitness (PF) in children may differ by gender and this will assist in designing gender-specific interventions to promote PA participation, which in turn improves PF levels.
Aim
This study aimed to establish the moderating effect of gender on the relationship between perceived PA participation and PF.
Method
A cross-sectional study was conducted with a cohort of 870 primary school children aged 9–14 years old. Perceived PA participation was measured using the PAQ-C questionnaire while PF levels were measured using cardiorespiratory endurance (i.e. VO2 max).
Results
The results showed significant gender differences for perceived PA participation levels (t = −3.40, p ≤ 0.001) and PF (t = −11.59, p ≤ 0.001), with boys reporting higher levels than the girls. Perceived PA participation had a positive, weak and statistically significant correlation with PF (r = 0.251; p ≤ 0.001). Gender significantly moderates the relationship between perceived PA participation and PF (β3 = 3.518; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.642 to 6.395; p = 0.017).
Conclusion
The moderating effect of gender on the relationship between perceived PA participation and PF highlights the differences in physiology as well as the societal PA associated roles played by boys and girls.
Knowledge, attitude and behaviour of women regarding cervical cancer screening in Buffalo City Municipality, Eastern Cape
(University of Fort Hare, 2025) Mayeza, Thuliswa; Mtise, T.
Cervical cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide. Cervical cancer screening has been widely recommended as a preventive intervention. Several factors contribute to the rising mortality rate, including limited knowledge of available screening services, negative attitudes toward these services and behavioural barriers to accessing them.
A cross-sectional study design was employed to assess the knowledge of women, determine their attitudes towards screening for cervical cancer, and describe their behaviour regarding cervical cancer screening in Buffalo City Municipality. The study was conducted in four clinics in Buffalo City Municipality which were located at a proximity of 5km radius from each other in two different types of settings, semi-urban and urban.
The non-probability convenience sampling method was employed, with a sample size of 424 women. A self-developed questionnaire was used to collect data, and a pilot study with 44 participants was conducted to test the questionnaire's validity and reliability. Anonymity, informed, was maintained and questionnaires had codes instead of names of the participants.
Results
The results showed that the participants had knowledge about cervical cancer and most women who participated in the study were aware of vaginal bleeding (242 (79.8%)) as a sign and symptom, unprotected sex (237 (78.2%)) was correctly identified as a mode of transmission. The performance of the screening involves the insertion of instruments (203 (67.0%)) and vaginal brush (163 (53.8%)). Participants expressed that their knowledge was from healthcare workers (134 (44.2%)), which suggests that healthcare workers have the most significant contribution to the source of information. Even though they knew about the cervical cancer screening but few did not do the cervical cancer screening due to fear of the procedure (218 (71.9%)), whereas, (101 (33.3)) showed no reason for not doing the screening and the participants were aware that cervical cancer screening is free in public healthcare settings (128 (42.2)). 167(55.1%)) confirmed to have spoken to someone who had screening done before but only (166(54.8%)) had ever thought of screening. (146(48.2%)) confirmed that they would prefer to be done the cervical cancer screening by a doctor than a nurse 89(29.4%).
It is recommended that the marketing strategies that are already in place should be strengthened for the participants to have correct information about cervical cancer screening. Mass media, posters, pamphlets and information on cervical cancer survivors would be inspirational to other women