Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities

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Abstention from Holy Communion: The Case Study of the Church of Central Africa Presbyterian Blantyre Synod - Malawi
(University of Fort Hare, 2004-01) Mercy, Chilapula
This paper is a study on abstention of Christians, both men and women from the Holy Communion in the Church of Central Africa Presbyterian Blantyre Synod Malawi (CCAP). As a Presbyterian member of Blantyre Synod, Malawi, the researcher writes this paper as somebody who is concerned with this issue. It appears that on a communion Sunday, the church building would be filled up to capacity and other Christians would be sitting outside. During the celebration of the Lord's Supper, many Christians would walk out and only a few of the possible communicants are left to partake of the Lord's Supper. This paper would like to suggest that the problem is partly caused by the influences of culture.
Access to Information and Communication Technologies (ICT’s) in Rural Communities: A Case of Mutare Rural District in Manicaland, Province Zimbabwe
(University of Fort Hare, 2008-01) Chigovanyika, Martha
This study aims at investigating the limitations to accessing ICTs and how access to ICTs can benefit people from Mutare rural district. The Zimbabwean government has recognised the impact that ICTs will have on society and has already assessed’ the status quo of ICTs in the different sectors of the economy ( ICT Survey, 2005). lt is from this basis that the researcher will try to investigate whether everyone especially those in rural areas such as Mutare Rural could also benefit from the potential benefits (flered by ICTs. This study will also investigate how access can improve the socio-political and economic activities in Mutare Rural District. The study will also explore the ways in which access to ICTs can improve livelihooals in Mutare Rural District. Basing on the universal policy of the Zimbabwean government, the study will identify/ types of ICTs that the people of Mutare Rural District have access to. It will also identify / how access can facilitate development in Mutare Rural District. At the end of the study the researcher aims to come up with recommendations in regard to provision of suitable ICTs for Mutare Rural District.
Aesthetics of Yoruba culture and religion : an examination of the cultural and religious conflicts in the plays of Wole Soyinka
(University of Fort Hare, 2015) Kemi, Megbowon Funmilola
Culture and religion are two main fibres sustaining the continued existence of a community. However, issues of cultural intersection, which is inevitable, results into diverse forms of conflicts. In the African setting, there remains, to date, a continuous conflict with the European way of life and value system. These conflicts, which are visible in differences in generational lifestyle coupled with the confusion and imbalance seen in the younger generation, are a result of the effect of colonialism on the indigenous culture, tradition, legacies and value system. In an attempt to resuscitate the best of the culture of the Yoruba people and redeem their vanishing value systems in an era of globalization, this study, viewed from the perspective of postcolonial theory, firstly looked into the beauty and significance of the Yoruba culture in Wole Soyinka’s the Lion and the Jewel and Death and the King’s horseman. It also examined the historical and contemporary impact of colonisation on Yoruba culture and religion. In addition, the study explores the possibility of co-existence of the best of old order and new order and how the playwright sheds light on human understanding of cultural and religious relations. The study concluded that an acknowledgement and respect for other people’s culture and ways of life will reduce conflicts and, therefore, promote co-existence of different cultures. The study emphasizes the need for the contemporary Yoruba society to re- embrace the best Yoruba cultural heritage, modernize the old values and imbibe the best of Western culture to make the society a better place. The propagation of the best of Yoruba cultures and value in a modern world through various means at various levels should be given maximum priority.
African National Congress Education in Exile in Tanzania, 1978-1992: Dilemmas and Ambiguities
(University of Fort Hare, 2000-10) Pulumani , Loyiso
The opening of an educational institution by the African National Congress (ANC) in 1978 was a crucial step in the history of the organization. The very fact that a school is not at first sight an obviously 'political' entity implied that the ANC was bidding to lead and mould South African society in a comprehensive way, and signified that it was finally re-establishing itself as a major player in contemporary South African politics. The lull of the late sixties and early seventies had seen other organizations emerging to the fore in the ongoing political discourse. That the ANC had its headquarters and leaders outside the country made it seem far away in the eyes of ordinary people.
Agrarian question in South Africa :an evaluation study of the land redistribution for agricultural development (LRAD) programme in selected areas of the Buffalo City
(University of Fort Hare, 2010) Gedeza, Mahlubandile
This study is based on the view that the ‘agrarian question of the dispossessed’ is not yet resolved in South Africa. Since the early ‘90s, the South African government embarked on a land reform programme that was meant to contribute towards the creation of a better life for the historically dispossessed individuals. Land was given to land reform beneficiaries as grants. However, according to suggestions made by non-governmental organizations, community-based groups and the media, the land reform programme has generally not had any impact and that farms/projects assisted have either collapsed or are not functioning to the levels expected. This is the main reason why the study is conducted: to examine factors that explain why the agrarian question is not yet resolved in South Africa. The purpose is to bring about corrective measures which would result in stopping the wastage of funds that could be better utilized elsewhere. This study is based on the view that the ‘agrarian question of the dispossessed’ is not yet resolved in South Africa. Since the early ‘90s, the South African government embarked on a land reform programme that was meant to contribute towards the creation of a better life for the historically dispossessed individuals. Land was given to land reform beneficiaries as grants. However, according to suggestions made by non-governmental organizations, community-based groups and the media, the land reform programme has generally not had any impact and that farms/projects assisted have either collapsed or are not functioning to the levels expected. This is the main reason why the study is conducted: to examine factors that explain why the agrarian question is not yet resolved in South Africa. The purpose is to bring about corrective measures which would result in stopping the wastage of funds that could be better utilized elsewhere. Qualitative methods were used to collect data using semi-structured interviews from land reform beneficiaries in nineteen farms/projects of the Amathole/ Buffalo City as well as from government officials who implement the programmes. The main findings reflect that the major failure of these projects is because the people who are responsible for implementing the programme lack the capacity to handle a programme of this magnitude. It was also found that there is a serious lack of an integrated approach to development in the planning and implementation of the programme. The study, therefore, recommends that a new structure be set up, that would be able to facilitate and co-ordinate the whole programme. For such a structure to succeed, it would have to have political authority and adopt land reform strategies that have worked in other countries that were previously faced with similar challenges.
An Exploratory Study on How Managing Cases of Sexually Abused Learners Impacts Personally on Primary School Educators: Implications for Setting up Support Structure
(University of Fort Hare, 2004-11) Moldan, Samantha
The purpose of the study was to establish the personal impact that managing cases of sexually abused learners has on Primary School educators working in an East London community.·, In addition it attempted to establish what support these Primary School educators felt they needed in order to help alleviate the personal impact, that managing cases of sexually abused learners might have on them. A phenomenological approach that s descriptions of everyday experiences - Using availability-sampling methods, interviewed.
An analysis of the content of information literacy programmes in South African institutions of higher learning : a study of Rhodes University and the University of Fort Hare , Eastern cape province
(University of Fort Hare, 2014) Moyo, Mathew
Due to the exponential increase in the volume of information available particularly online, information literacy for students and other information users has become much more important than ever before. Universities as producers and custodians of knowledge are implored to develop appropriate information literacy programmes which satisfy the needs of students at all levels of study. This study investigated the content of information literacy programmes in South African Institutions of Higher Learning, paying special attention to Rhodes University and the University of Fort Hare. Both Rhodes University and the University of Fort Hare offered information literacy to students particularly at the entry level. The main aim of this study was to analyze the content of information literacy programmes and their contribution to students‟ success. Seized with this broad aim, the study sought to fulfill the following objectives: to find out aspects of and instruction methods which are covered in the information literacy programmes at both Rhodes University and the University of Fort Hare, to find out standards of information literacy which are used at both Rhodes University and the University of Fort Hare, to determine perceptions of students on the contribution of information literacy instruction to superior academic performance, to establish the impact of Information Communication Technologies on the provision of information literacy at Rhodes University and the University of Fort Hare; and, to identify constraints which impinge on information literacy instruction best practices and suggest content that may inform policy formulation on information literacy programmes in South African institutions of higher learning.
Applicability of the Griffiths Mental Development Scales- extended revised to the South African context : a systematic review
(University of Fort Hare, 2016) Jacobs, Zikhona
The contribution and value of developmental assessment in the developing world, and especially the impact it has on the cognitive development of the African child in terms of early diagnosis and intervention are increasingly being documented. However, unique tests for specific cultural groups are lacking and the development thereof is a complex, costly and time consuming endeavor. Adapting internationally researched tests that have been proven to be valid and reliable in other countries seem to be an effective solution at present. The Griffiths Mental Development Scales (Griffiths scales) is one such test that could answer the developmental assessment needs of the developing world. The Griffiths Scales was introduced in South Africa in 1977 and since then an expanding pool of research has been done on the Griffiths. This together with societal and cultural change and the lack of South African norms have influenced the need for a review. This study therefore reviews the applicability of the Griffiths scales for South Africa by assessing all accessible information. Both international and national literature done on the Griffiths scales in South Africa between 1977 and 2013 has been interrogated. Books, journals, articles, theses and computer data bases are employed to conduct this systematic review. The review presents a synopsis of the present state of knowledge and information regarding research done on the Griffiths scales in South Africa.
An appraisal of the Methodist church’s role in poverty alleviation in the Alice region (TPT 700).
(University of Fort Hare, 2016) Jibiliza, Xolisa Terrance
“All religions emphasize the need to support charity, welfare and the disadvantaged. Obligatory giving is, thus, a manifestation of spirituality. This is why religious communities are capable, like no other sector of society, of mobilizing enormous resources for poverty alleviation and development initiative” (Maharaj & Chetty, 2007:82). Most African countries are faced with serious and worsening poverty (Wogaman, 1986:47), and one of greatest issues that demands our immediate attention within the church and society is poverty alleviation. Wogaman (1986:47) further argues that the increase in production has not served to bridge the great historic chasm between rich and poor. Hence, the church needs to direct its attention and its activity to poverty alleviation so that it becomes an advocate for the poor. Lawrence (2012:1) argued that we are created for fellowship with other people and also depend on God for our survival. Therefore, poverty touches all of God’s creatures and not simply those who experience it directly. Poverty prevents human beings from realizing their potential; it creates barriers of inequality between people, and bars people from experiencing the abundance of God’s creation. According to Lawrence (2012) and Nürnberger (1978), the church is the only place that gives people hope. Even though people may have a spiritual life, they may still be materially poor. The researcher opines that the church must care for those people that live in poverty, even if they are not church members (Ndungane, 2003: 20).
Assessing risk perceptions, vulnerability and asset adaptation in the context of climate change : a study of peri-urban and rural East London and Port Elizabeth, South Africa
(University of Fort Hare, 2016) Apraku, Amos
This study examined climate change risk perceptions, vulnerability and the significance of assets‘ in climate change mitigation and adaptation in rural and peri-urban Eastern Cape, South Africa. It assessed the levels of local climate change awareness and how such awareness was articulated in local discourses, analysed actual risks (and awareness thereof) against those predicted by relevant statutory agencies, and examined the extent to which local residents drew on local knowledge, culture‘and traditional practices (amongst other assets‘) to mitigate their vulnerability and adapt to adverse climatic changes. The study was conceptualised against the background that most climate change risk and vulnerability studies adopt a global‘ and continental‘ focus and ignore localised variations and specificities – which makes it impossible to craft local climate change impact mitigation strategies that make sense. From survey, interview, focus group and observational data, the study found low levels of local awareness about climate change and its associated risks. It revealed that local residents blamed climate change-related phenomena on gods, spirits and other mystical forces. Agriculture, water resources, human settlements, health, ecosystems and biodiversity were found to be the most affected by climate change. A crucial finding was that, besides economic and other class-based assets, indigenous/local knowledge (ideational assets‘) played an important role in the ways local residents adapted themselves to – and in some ways curbed - the adverse impacts of climate change. The study concluded from these findings that households and communities have different degrees of vulnerability to climate change, depending on awareness levels and degrees of access to specific assets‘. However, in the main, climate change impacts in the communities were potentially curbed by culture, with indigenous/local knowledge and related ideational assets being the main index of adaptation and weapon against disastrous impacts. The study extends current knowledge on the significance and contribution of indigenous knowledge systems to climate change impact mitigation and adaptation, particularly in Africa, and demonstrates how local knowledge can contribute to global‘understanding of one of today‘s critical environmental challenges.
Bare life in the bantustans (of the Eastern Cape): re-membering the centennial South African nation-state
(University of Fort Hare, 2009) Westaway, Ashley
This thesis argues that 1994 did not mark a point of absolute discontinuity in the history of South Africa. More specifically, it asserts that 1994 did not signal the end of segregationism; instead of democracy leading to national integration, the Bantustans are still governed and managed differently from the rest of the country. Consequently, it is no surprise that they remain mired in pervasive, debilitating poverty fifteen years after 1994. In insisting that contemporary South Africa is old (rather than new), the thesis seeks to make a contribution to political struggles that aim to bring to an end the segregationist past-in-the-present. The thesis is arranged in seven chapters. The first chapter considers the crisis that has engulfed South Africa historiography since 1994. It traces the roots of the crisis back to some of the fundamentals of the discipline of history, such as empiricism, neutrality and historicism. It suggests that the way to end the crisis, to re-assert the relevance of history, is for historians to re-invoke the practice of producing histories of the present, in an interested, deliberate manner. Chapter 2 narrows down the focus of the thesis to (past and present) property. It suggests that instead of understanding the constitutional protection of property rights and installation of a restitution process as the product of a compromise between adversarial negotiators, these outcomes are more correctly understood as emanating from consensus. The third chapter outlines the implementation of the restitution programme from 1994 to 2008. The productive value of restitution over this period is found not in what it has delivered to the claimants (supposedly the beneficiaries of the programme), but rather in its discursive effects related to citizenship in the new South Africa. Chapter 4 considers the exclusion of dispossession that was implemented in the Bantustans from the restitution programme. It argues that this decision was not an oversight on the part of the post-1994 government. Instead it was consistent with all other key policy decisions taken in the recent period. The Bantustans have been treated differently from the rest of South Africa; they have been deliberately under-developed, fabricated as welfare zones, and subjected to arbitrary customary rule. Whereas Chapters 2 to 4 look at the production of historical truth on the side of domination, Chapter 6 and 7 consider production on the side of resistance. Specifically, they describe and analyse the attempts of an NGO to establish the truths of betterment as dispossession, and post-1994 prejudice against the victims of betterment dispossession. They serve as case studies of third party-led processes that seek to produce truth-effects from within a prevailing truth regime. The final chapter attempts to bring many of the threads that weave through the thesis together, by means of a critical consideration of human rights discourse. The chapter calls on intellectuals to establish truths in relation to the history of ongoing human wrongs in South Africa (as opposed to the rainbow narrative of human rights) Finally, the thesis includes a postscript, comprising technical summaries of each of the chapters.
Between skills development and skills protectionism: The discourse and practice of skills development in the Nigerian multinational corporate sector.
(University of Fort Hare, 2016) Jiboku, Joseph Olutoyin
Against the backdrop of arguments regarding the role of multinational corporations (MNCs) as custodians of modern skills and technology and as agents of socio-economic transformation in developing countries, especially through training and human resource development, this study examined specific claims in this regard in the Nigerian context. Specifically, the study examined how skills development strategies in selected MNCs in Nigeria reflected, or failed to reflect, the “prescriptions” and “idealisations” about national human capital formation as gleaned from the dominant discourses in the country’s official manpower agencies, organised labour and organised private sector. Were there, for instance, specific MNC skills development strategies that potentially could undermine the notion of MNCs as “agents of socio-economic development”? Qualitative and quantitative data were collected from three MNC subsidiaries in Nigeria (Lafarge Cement Wapco, Unilever and MTN Communication), and from relevant national manpower agencies, organised private sector organisations, and two labour federations. One key finding was that, viewed against the backdrop of specific national “prescriptions” and “idealisations” about human capital formation in Nigeria, the terrain of skills development in the multinational corporate sector was one of connects, disconnects and paradoxes. While the MNCs maintained a vast and robust canvas of skills development strategies and professed some of the same “ideals” as national skills agencies and even organised labour about, their skills development strategies were overwhelmingly company- and product-centred, and thus lacked wider (societal) applicability. The findings also pointed to practices that appeared to actively “prevent” Nigerian employees from accessing certain levels of know-how. The study concluded that, at least from a skills development point of view, the idea of MNCs as agents of socio-economic development must always be qualified, as it was based on a failure of analysts to carefully distinguish between “everyday” or even “high level” skills (which were readily accessible to, and acquirable by, locals) and “strategic” skills (which locals were prevented from accessing) and how MNCs thereby helped to perpetuate the skills divide between host country and home country. The study thus raises important questions for both skills development scholarship and policy and further sharpens the focus on how best to appraise (and monitor), from the point of view of skills development, the socio-economic role of MNCs in a developing country such as Nigeria.
Care dependency grants in a south African township: an assessment of access, challenges and contradictions in Bophelong, Gauteng.
(2013) Dimhairo, Patrica;
The condition of disability has been part and parcel of many societies, yet the attention given to the issue has been minimal. Most focus on social and economic intervention has been directed on the person living with disabilities and largely ignoring the role played by the caregivers who are involved in the day to day upkeep of the disabled. This has left the caregivers with challenges that remain largely unexplored. The care dependency grants that are offered by the government have been helpful but insufficient. Most families raising children living with disabilities are unemployed thereby shifting their financial dependency to the caregiver grant. This compromises the quality of life of the intended beneficiary. It is against this background that this study assesses factors affecting access to care dependency grant by children with disabilities, from the perspectives of the caregivers. Data were collected using a mini survey of 19 caregivers (of children with disabilities) in Bhopelong Township, in-depth interviews, an FGD and non-participant observation of how research participants navigated the challenges of caring for children with disabilities against the backdrop of deep poverty. The study found that some of the children with disabilities remained poverty stricken and without access to care dependency grant. The study further revealed that access to care dependency grant was impeded by factors such as lengthy application process, lack of awareness among some caregivers about the existence of care dependency grant, physical distance to the relevant offices of the Departments of Home Affairs and Social Development, which made it difficult for people to apply for relevant grants. There was the further problem of whole families depending for their survival on the little grant money that was specifically meant for the welfare of the child with disability. The study concludes from these findings that children with disabilities – and those caring for them - are disadvantaged in quite intricate ways and that only a more rigorous and socially sensitive design of care dependency grant can ameliorate such disadvantage.
Challenges faced by traditional healers when treating people living with HIV and AIDS : the case of Intsika municipality, Eastern Cape Province
(University of Fort Hare, 2014) Zimba, Zibonele France
The aim of the study was to examine the procedures followed by traditional healers treating people living with HIV and AIDS in the Instika Municipality and the challenges faced by them in this endeavour. Using the qualitative research method, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with twenty traditional healers. Among the significant findings of this study were the hardships encountered by traditional healers in terms of finance, the transport needed to collect medicinal plants, the shortage of medicinal plants, the lack of co-operation from the formal health care sector and the discrimination and abuse suffered at the hands of members of the community, with Christians and members of the SAPS being among the chief antagonists. It is also acknowledged in this study that traditional healers have been trained by the Department of Health concerning issues of hygiene and that traditional healers have knowledge of the symptoms of HIV and AIDS. It can therefore be concluded that traditional healers have a significant role to play in preventing the spread of HIV and AIDS if they employ preventative measures such as the use of protective gloves and limiting the use of a blade to one patient only. However, traditional healers are not supplied with safety kits or condoms to distribute to patients who consult them for treatment of STIs.
Child support grant and child poverty alleviation: experiences of caregivers in alleviating child poverty.
(University of Fort Hare, 2016) Vaaltein, Sive
Patel (2015) argues that “social security policies address structural problems or an underlying cause of poverty and inequality in the society. In addition it creates a minimum standard of living below which the population should not fall”. This dissertation explores the experiences of caregivers who receive the Child Support Grant (CSG - a social assistance or social security policy) to alleviate child poverty in Buffalo City Metropolitan (BCM). The question this study seeks to address is: How does the CSG address child poverty in BCM? International instruments regulating South Africa on policy issues relating to child poverty are at the back drop of the discussion and exploration of the CSG as means to alleviate child poverty in a context such as BCM. Theoretically framing the study using the Social Development Approach (SDA) assisted in viewing the CSG from a developmental contribution point of view, when examining the caregiver’s experiences of using the CSG to alleviate child poverty. The child focused multidimensional model (CFMDM) further brought into perspective aspects of child poverty, which became the focus for this study. A qualitative research method was utilised to explore the experiences of caregivers who use the CSG to alleviate child poverty in BCM. Research participants were drawn based on a non- probable sample of BCM caregivers receiving the CSG, with which semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions were conducted. This study discovered that due to high unemployment of the caregivers living in BCM the CSG was not directly improving the lives of children living in poverty, as the caregivers solely depended on the receipt of the CSG to care for their children and other sources of income were not available for the participating care givers.
Christian Religious Education in Kenyan Secondary Schools: An Appraisal
(University of Fort Hare, 2003-11) Kiraithe, J.K
This research examines the attitudes and opinions regarding the study of Christian Religious Education in Kenyan Secondary Schools among the immediate stakeholders, that is, the students/learners, teachers and principals. This is chiefly because there has been a noticeable decline of interest in the study due to government's emphasis on science and technological oriented subjects that are needed in the job market. In the wake of this lackadaisical attitude, there have been many riots in secondary schools and general moral decadence. The research attempts to promote a reconceptualization of Christian religious education as a vital study area in the lives of students, pointing its transformative effect on an individual's worldview. It highlights the various stages.at which Christian Religious Education as a discipline was established and perpetuated in the Kenyan school curriculum. That is, the various education policies, and cites when the tum of events came about. It also examines the relationship between Christianity and sciences, and between Christianity and African traditional religion in a bid to show that they accommodate and indeed require each other. It points out the importance of re-evaluating the curriculum and to some extent the teaching approach to that which matches the contemporally challenges. It tries briefly to describe some learning/teaching environments outside Kenya in order to provide a grid for assessing the Kenyan situation/trend and makes recommendations on aspects that need attention so as to give the Christian religious education discipline the credit it deserves.
A comparative analysis of the phonological acquisition of consonants in the speech of pre-school age isiXhosa and English-speaking children in selected schools in the East London area
(University of Fort Hare, 2014) Myoli, Ndileka
The problems of reading and incomprehension found in South African schools are often linked to children‟s differences of phonological acquisition rates and the articulation of consonants. This is according to the report of the Impact Study of the System Method for Reading Success study (SMRS) of 2009. This problem has always been associated with the racial inequalities that have previously ruled the South African education system. An understanding of the existence of the differences in children‟s articulation of consonants between the English-speaking and the isiXhosa-speaking children may lead to further understanding of the causes of such differences and the application of strategies that are aimed at remedying that situation.
A comparative exploratory analysis of vigilante occurrences in two communities in Port Elizabeth (Kwazakhele and New Brighton).
(University of Fort Hare, 2016) Loqani, Anelisa
The study explores and compares the incidents of vigilantism in two selected communities in Port Elizabeth. However, the word ‘vigilantism’ as utilized in the study can be explained as the group of people in a community who take the law into their own hands and punish alleged societal offenders on the spot. Vigilante activities have become a regular occurrence in many communities in Port Elizabeth and in South Africa as whole. This phenomenon as reported by several authors has destroyed many young men’s lives and ambitions. This is a paradoxical situation that violates human rights because South Africa is a country with a Constitution that prioritizes human dignity for all, and citizens that are totally free from violence of any kind. The aim of the study is to explore, analyze and compare the incidents of vigilantism in New Brighton and Kwazakhele communities in Port Elizabeth. The intention is to educate and enlighten the members of the selected communities, together with the public about vigilantism and its impact on communities. The researcher achieved the aim of this study by asking the following questions: • What are the motives of individuals/communities who take the law into their own hands? • What impact do vigilante incidents have on communities? • Which effective preventative measures can be utilized to combat vigilantism? To answer these questions, questionnaires for data collection were utilized. The study was conducted using a total population of one hundred (100) participants who were divided by two. Each community had a sample of fifty (50) participants. The participants were selected by utilizing purposive sampling technique which is non-probability sampling. The participants were the community members of the selected communities. The researcher applied a qualitative research methodology in order to obtain in-depth information and utilized content thematic analysis and SPSS software for the analysis of the data gathered. Two theories a) Differential Association Theory and b) Social Learning Theory were employed to interpret the findings of the study. The results of the study demonstrate that there has been an escalation in vigilante activities in Port Elizabeth communities since 2000 and 2010. In many vigilante actions that occurred, males (ages between 18 and 30 years) were found to be the majority of the people who were more likely to be victims of vigilantism because of the crimes they commit. The results also demonstrate that an increase in vigilante incidents in New Brighton and Kwazakhele have been reported to be a result of the ineffectiveness of visible policing, easy bail conditions and frustration and anger of the community members, who do not see the criminals being arrested. These vigilante activities have been reported to have negative impact in these communities specifically on children. Based on this issue of vigilantism, several strategies that could assist to combat vigilante actions were made. The participants suggested that government should improve the criminal justice system as a whole in order to reduce vigilantism. The respondents also indicated that government should create jobs for the youths because other people become involved in criminal activities, because of poverty and lack of employment opportunities. Furthermore, the participants proposed that government should enact tough laws on offenders.
Concerning care in the context of the nursing profession: A phenomenological investigation.
(University of Fort Hare, 2015) O’Donnell, Neal Garth Mandy
This dissertation is concerned with the phenomenological question of lack of care in the face of Martin Heidegger’s placing care as a base for being. More specifically with the question: How is Heidegger’s ontological notion of care to be understood from within the contexts of healthcare, in general, and nursing in particular? Furthermore, deep within this notion of care there is always the option to not care which, although care is always contained in the various modes of Heidegger's Dasein, can be a contemporary enigma demanding investigation. In approaching the interpretation of what it is to care, the question will be confronted on three fronts: (a) to interrogate, in the context of healthcare, Heidegger’s conception of the phenomenological situation of care in his writings up to and including his Being and Time; (b) then to delve into the phenomenon of lack of care that seems to have appeared in the provision of healthcare in recent times; and, in an attempt to explain this lack, (c) to expand on Heidegger’s early conception of care more broadly out into the world by postulating a diachronic emphasis by introducing elements from the developmental psychology of Erik Erikson. It is argued that this is necessary in order to begin to understand provenance of the notion of lack of care within the sphere of healthcare. As nursing is considered an epitome of caring, the profession will be used as a vehicle to illustrate the phenomenon of lack of care and how this is possible when care is the basis of Being in the world. Thus the final section will bring out through the lens of lack of care the predicates of caring as they apply to the healthcare professions, and, just as importantly, other areas of human endeavour, for that matter. These predicates, it is postulated, are an accretion of five elements: development of the care-of, assumption of some level of authority, introduction of curiosity into the engagement with the world of people and things, an understanding of the role of empathy, and, finally, advocacy in the face of disturbance. It is further postulated that none of these predicates are a given, that, in an enabling environment, they unfold out of each other to create a caring person.
Coping with poverty : a study of strategies adopted by single mothers in Chiredzi town , Zimbabwe
(University of Fort Hare, 2014) Mafa, Itai
This research sought to assess the effectiveness of the coping strategies that are employed by single mothers in alleviating and averting poverty in Chiredzi Town, Zimbabwe. The researcher wanted to investigate whether the survival strategies implemented in towns of developing countries are able to rescue single mothers from the grasps of poverty.

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