Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities

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The Arts and Crafts of the Xhosa in the Ciskei: Past and Present
(University of Fort Hare, 1970-12) Gitywa, Vincent Zanoxolo
The purpose of the study is the investigation of the certain major Xhosa Arts and Crafts in the Ciskei, past and present. It was felt that a fairly detailed review of historical background of Xhosa Arts and Crafts in the Ciskei, from as far back as the 18th Century, could provide an valuable background to the study of the present day conditions.
The Xhosa Riddle
(University of Fort Hare, 1978) Denga, Claribel, Koliswa
The common word for the riddle in Xhosa is ighina. Literally: this noun means. a knot on a string or tree, or a sharp or difficult ascent in a road or a mountain. Figuratively it means a difficulty, a hard problem. It is formed from the verb- qhina which means to fasten or bind. therefore a riddle, in Xhosa is a knot/ an intellectual knot to be untied, a puzzle to be worked out or to be solved. It is a puzzling statement, question or description intended to make a person use his wits.
Image of African: A Selective Comparison" and Contrast of Themes and Preoccupations Between Xhosa and Other African Writers
(University of Fort Hare, 1992-03) Mdaka, Sibizwa Solomzi
To date, very little scholarly effort has been made to integrate the study of African literature in European languages with that of literature in African languages. In the light of growing recognition of the decolonizing imperative (in which Ngugi's articulation of the political importance of writing in indigenous African languages has perhaps been most influential), this is a lacuna which. urgently needs to be addressed. This study aims to make a small contribution in this direction by analysing parallel themes and preoccupations in selected representative literary texts in English and in Xhosa.
The Art of K.S Bongela in Novel Writing
(University of Fort Hare, 1994-12) Kabanye, T.N
Knobel Sakhiwo Bongela is fast becoming a household name in the circle of Xhosa writers. He has written various genres. Besides the three novels selected for this study, that is, Umzi Omtsha, Alitshoni Linqenandaba, and Kusa Kusihlwa, he has written one in English entiltled The silent People. This study is an attempt to evaluate his narrative technique in novel writing only. Chapter One, which is a general introduction, mainly discusses the aims and scope of this study, the sources and methods of research, the problems encountered, the life history of Bongela and other books written by him and the definition of the key concepts comprising the title. Chapter Two discusses and compares the setting as evinced in the four novels; its role in shaping the lives of the main characters; how it affects the plots of the novels and how it reveals the inner feelings and views of Bongela as a man. Chapter Three deals with the plot structure employed by the writer in his novels. Though on the whole he starts his novels in medias res, the plot construction has been reviewed under the exposition, the middle and the denouement.
Prevalance of Substance Use and Abuse Among Black University Students and the Factors Influencing Them: Implications For Substance Abuse Prevention
(University of Fort Hare, 1996-11) Hewana, N.N
Substance use and abuse is widespread throughout the world, including South Africa. Substance abuse constitutes an individual, a family and a social problem. Because of the dearth of information concerning the extent of the abuse as well as conditions associated with it, particularly among Black Youth in South Africa, the present study sought to fill this gap. The present study investigated the prevalence of substance use and abuse among Black university students. Firstly, it examined the extent to which the university students abused various substances such as alcohol, tobacco, spirits, sleeping medicine, hallucinogens, barbiturates, whiffers, mandrax, dagga, amphetamines and heroin. Secondly, it investigated the variables that are associated with use and abuse of these substances. The research design used was a questionnaire- based survey. The questionnaire consisted of both open ended and closed questions, thus it yielded both quantitative and qualitative data. The first part of the survey was essentially descriptive while the second part was analytical. The measuring instrument that was used was a self- report inventory adopted from an existing questionnaire as adopted by Bodisch (1994), Kata (1994)and Stubbs (1994) which was itself based on another questionnaire originally developed by du Tait (1974). A convenient sample consisting of 520 undergraduates Psychology students at the University of Fort Hare was used as participants.
The Orthographical Development of isiXhosa
(University of Fort Hare, 1998-10) Saul, Zandisile W
It is in the nature of things that constant changes gradually occur. In language change has been observed throughout the history of mankind. Such changes in language may affect its structure, vocabulary and the meaning of words and/or sentences. lsiXhosa in its written form has undergone several changes in its orthography. It is these developments in isiXhosa orthography that are investigated in this study. The problem which faced pioneers in reducing African languages into the medium of writing was that there was no reference material other than that designed to suit European languages. In other words they had no choice but to impose the Roman alphabet on languages which were structurally dissimilar. For instance, in European languages there are no clicks.
Pro-Capital Mandatorism and Autocratic Management Style in Labour Relations; The Transkei experience between 1976 and 1994.
(University of Fort Hare, 1998-12) Abankwa, Joseph, Kwadwo
The aim of this research was to investigate labour relations in the former Transkei with the focus on work place relations and the role played by the state in regulating such relations. The questionnaire instrument was employed in this study. Pilot studies were utilised in preparation for the administration of the questionnaires. Simple Random Sampling was employed to select the sample of the representative population for the questionnaires. The questionnaires were administered to 636 workers and 120 management staff. All the 636 workers and 80 management staff completed the questionnaires. Nine trade union officials and Dr Bikitsha a minister in Chief Matanzima's government between 1979 and 1983 were also interviewed. To achieve maximum returns assistants were employed to administer the questionnaires. The study revealed that workers in the former Transkei, especially those in industry, were exploited by their employers. This was made possible by Chief Matanzima's refusal to allow the formation, let alone the operation of trade unions in the former homeland. It is worthwhile to note that, the government itself, the largest employer of labour in the Transkei, neither wished to consult nor negotiate with its workforce. Instead, liaison committees were established to liaise between workers and their employers in an attempt to bring about industrial peace at the workplace. An inspectorate division was also established to monitor the goings-on at the various workplaces and to report back their findings to the relevant authorities for action to be taken where and when necessary. Regrettably none of the two institutions performed its function as expected. As a result, workers' legitimate demands were ignored by their employers and in the absence· of trade unions to intervene on their behalf, they (workers) had no means at their disposal to have their grievances attended to. It was also revealed that the two governments that followed Chief Matanzima's government (Chief George Matanzima and Stella Siqcau governments respectively) did nothing to alleviate the plight of the workers until after the overthrow of Siqcau's Government in 1987 and the coming to power of Major General Bantu Holomisa.
A critical analysis of some aspects of Siyongwana`s: "Ubulumko bezinja"
(University of Fort Hare, 1999) Mahala, Siphiwo
African National Congress Education in Exile in Tanzania, 1978-1992: Dilemmas and Ambiguities
(University of Fort Hare, 2000-10) Pulumani , Loyiso
The opening of an educational institution by the African National Congress (ANC) in 1978 was a crucial step in the history of the organization. The very fact that a school is not at first sight an obviously 'political' entity implied that the ANC was bidding to lead and mould South African society in a comprehensive way, and signified that it was finally re-establishing itself as a major player in contemporary South African politics. The lull of the late sixties and early seventies had seen other organizations emerging to the fore in the ongoing political discourse. That the ANC had its headquarters and leaders outside the country made it seem far away in the eyes of ordinary people.
The Loss of the Ancestral Inheritance.... Land Loss During the Monarchical Era in Israel, and its Relevance for South Africa
(University of Fort Hare, 2001-05) Sonanzi, Zanele
This dissertation seeks to investigate and analyse the issue of land loss. This study will focus on the monarchical era in particular as described in the Old Testament as well as its relevance for South Africa. At first the study highlights the significance of land and its ownership from an Old Testament perspective. Contrary to that ideal of land ownership, the aspect of land dispossession by those in power is a major concern in this work especially during the monarchical era. This is coupled with some detrimental effects it has on people's social lives both during the Monarchical era and the contemporary South African contexts. The term "land ownership" as used in both contexts is perceived as the basic human right to property while "land loss" on the other hand, is understood as the violation of that basic human right.
The Use of Ttraditional African Dance and Music as a Therapeutic Technique: An Exploratory Study in Search of Psychological Wellbeing
(University of Fort Hare, 2002) Sandlana, Nonkululeko Shiella
Traditional African dance and music have been a way of life for quite a long time. People used to gather, share ideas and sing together. Traditional African dance and music is thought of as a way of inviting the ancestors and communicating with them. In churches members sing to praise and invite the Almighty. Western therapeutic approaches in general fail to consider the spiritual dimensions in the lives of the majority of the black population, neglecting the therapeutic potential of traditional African dance and music.
Christian Religious Education in Kenyan Secondary Schools: An Appraisal
(University of Fort Hare, 2003-11) Kiraithe, J.K
This research examines the attitudes and opinions regarding the study of Christian Religious Education in Kenyan Secondary Schools among the immediate stakeholders, that is, the students/learners, teachers and principals. This is chiefly because there has been a noticeable decline of interest in the study due to government's emphasis on science and technological oriented subjects that are needed in the job market. In the wake of this lackadaisical attitude, there have been many riots in secondary schools and general moral decadence. The research attempts to promote a reconceptualization of Christian religious education as a vital study area in the lives of students, pointing its transformative effect on an individual's worldview. It highlights the various stages.at which Christian Religious Education as a discipline was established and perpetuated in the Kenyan school curriculum. That is, the various education policies, and cites when the tum of events came about. It also examines the relationship between Christianity and sciences, and between Christianity and African traditional religion in a bid to show that they accommodate and indeed require each other. It points out the importance of re-evaluating the curriculum and to some extent the teaching approach to that which matches the contemporally challenges. It tries briefly to describe some learning/teaching environments outside Kenya in order to provide a grid for assessing the Kenyan situation/trend and makes recommendations on aspects that need attention so as to give the Christian religious education discipline the credit it deserves.
Abstention from Holy Communion: The Case Study of the Church of Central Africa Presbyterian Blantyre Synod - Malawi
(University of Fort Hare, 2004-01) Mercy, Chilapula
This paper is a study on abstention of Christians, both men and women from the Holy Communion in the Church of Central Africa Presbyterian Blantyre Synod Malawi (CCAP). As a Presbyterian member of Blantyre Synod, Malawi, the researcher writes this paper as somebody who is concerned with this issue. It appears that on a communion Sunday, the church building would be filled up to capacity and other Christians would be sitting outside. During the celebration of the Lord's Supper, many Christians would walk out and only a few of the possible communicants are left to partake of the Lord's Supper. This paper would like to suggest that the problem is partly caused by the influences of culture.
Deinstitutionalization of Schizophrenic Patients from Tower Hospital : An evaluation of the impact thereof on community psychiatric services
(University of Fort Hare, 2004-04) Jemsana, Sipokazi
Worldwide deficiencies in the institutionalized care of psychiatric patients gave rise to the latest trend, deinstitutionalization, both internationally and in South Africa. In most countries this movement was done with little or no proper planning for continued care in the community. The result was failure to support and sustain these patients in the community. This led to homelessness an increase in crime and constant re-admissions, the revolving door phenomenon. This study examined the impact deinstitutionalization of patients from Tower Hospital had on community psychiatric services. Focus was on what community services were available to these patients after discharge and whether these were utilized. The clinics used were those servicing these patients after discharge. Availability sampling was used. Twelve nurses formed the sample and were given questionnaires to fill in and records were also perused. The results, broadly, showed that the community psychiatric and support services were inadequate for proper rehabilitation of chronic psychiatric patients in the community.
Memory Into Narratives: An Analysis of Stories of Xhosa Widows In the Eastern Cape
(University of Fort Hare, 2004-07) Guzana, N.V.
The research has been prompted by the diversity of the Xhosa culture of mourning, which is the cause of the detriments of this rite of passage. My objective is to create ground for the evaluation of widow's experiences, their views about widowhood and the culture of mourning. It is intended as a call to the Xhosa society and intellectuals to listen to the voices of the silenced widows. It intends to serve as a witness that, as long as they are silenced, there is much that is not known about widows and widowhood. It also looks at two widows' experiences as a demonstration of a need to allow widows to narrate their personal experiences with the culture of mourning as a way of liberating them, and to let us, the others, to know who they really are. The research seeks to emphasize the importance of narrative as a tool for representing experience, to create ground for a realistic portrayal of widow characters in works of literature, and to motivate these silenced women to raise their voices against their distortion, therefore their misrepresentation. Hopefully, a debate on the culture of mourning, based on personal narratives by widows, could lead to a way of observing this culture that will be owned and upheld with pride and conviction by Xhosa women.
An Exploratory Study on How Managing Cases of Sexually Abused Learners Impacts Personally on Primary School Educators: Implications for Setting up Support Structure
(University of Fort Hare, 2004-11) Moldan, Samantha
The purpose of the study was to establish the personal impact that managing cases of sexually abused learners has on Primary School educators working in an East London community.·, In addition it attempted to establish what support these Primary School educators felt they needed in order to help alleviate the personal impact, that managing cases of sexually abused learners might have on them. A phenomenological approach that s descriptions of everyday experiences - Using availability-sampling methods, interviewed.
An Investigation into the Relationship between African late Adolescents' Identity Formation and their Perceptions of dimensions of Family Functioning in a Rural Eastern Cape Setting
(University of Fort Hare, 2005-05) Bennett, Myron ,John
Black adolescents, especially, experience the transformation process, which is currently in progress in South Africa, as a difficult challenge. The racial changes and demands in the country have an intense effect on the way young people's identities a re formed. Brighton-Cleghorn ( 1987) stated that it is in such instances where the family structure plays a vital role in the formation and structuring of the young adolescent's identity. Identity formation can be seen as a central developmental task during adolescence, according to Erickson's (1968) stage 5 of his psychosocial theory of personality development. Marcia's (1964, 1966) identity status approach has become one of the successful and most widely used methods in the studying of adolescent identity formation. Marcia's operationalisation of Erikson's concept of identity information, the identity statuses, was used in the present study. The identity statuses represent four ways (Identity Achievement, Identity Moratorium, Identity Foreclosure, Identity Diffusion) of dealing with the identity crisis towards the end of the adolescent years.
Language maintenance: a Language’s Response to the Forces of Contact Induced Language Change - a Comparative Case Study of the Speech Communities of Sterkspruit (South Africa) and Ngungumbane (Zimbabwe)
(University of Fort Hare, 2006-12) Paul, Damase Bayethe
Language maintenance, with a spotlight on the response of a Ianguage to forces of contact-induced Ianguage change, is the focus of this study. The theoretical considerations of Thomason and Kaufman y(1988) on Ianguage- change inform this research. Languages come into contact when the communities of speakers that use these Ianguages are in social contact. Such contact, in most cases, is the result of migrations or relocations caused by social pressures. The social evolution theory (Croft 2005) posits that, as societies change because of contact, their Ianguages are bound to change. The Iinguistic outcomes of Ianguage contact are the result of non-linguistic human action and choices. This is a qualitative study of the speech communities of Sterkspruit in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa and Ngungumbane in the Mberengwa district of the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe. IsiXhosa is in contact with Sesotho and isiHlubi in South Africa, while isiNdebeIe is in contact with chiShona. The response of the Ianguages in contact is explored to highlight how the socio-cultural environment of a Ianguage, together with its political and historical contexts, determines the Iinguistic outcomes of Ianguage change. The data is triangulated from a variety of sources obtained through interviews and participant observations within the respective speech communities. Bilingual behaviour in the form of codeswitching, borrowing and interference is investigated‚ with the understanding that language is not merely a Iinguistic phenomenon but also a sociolinguistic phenomenon.
Small-Scale Farming of Gqumahashe Village, Alice District, Eastern cape Province
(University of Fort Hare, 2007-04) Komanisi, Mzwandile Paul
The persistence of rural poverty, the underutilization of agricultural resources, and the sluggish innovativeness in many African countries serve to demonstrate, in part, that despite the availability of modem communication techniques, the agricultural extension services in these countries do not effectively reach the target group.
Tolerance in intergroup relations: cognitive representations reducing ingroup projection
(University of Fort Hare, 2008) O’sullivan, Clodagh M.
The Ingroup Projection Model (IPM) states that groups evaluate each other according to how prototypical they are of the superordinate category, the category that includes subgroups. The Ingroup Projection Model predicts that members of the ingroup tends to project their own characteristics onto the superordinate category, and thus see themselves as more prototypical of the superordinate category than the outgroup, which increases the likelihood for intergroup discrimination. Research has shown that this tendency of projection appears to be greater in high-status groups. The phenomenon of ingroup projection is hypothesized to be reduced by undefined cognitive representations of the superordinate category such as a complex representation of the superordinate category and a small-scope prototype. A complex representation of the superordinate category is one that has many distinctive characteristics that are seen as equally prototypical, whereas a small-scope representation includes a few prescriptive norms. The present study tested the reduction effects of complexity and smallscope prototype on ingroup projection using a 2 (Number of dimensions: few vs. many) x 2 (Relatedness of dimensions: orthogonal/independent vs. correlated/related) x 2 (Group: Psychology students vs. Law students) factorial design. The results support the Ingroup Projection Model and related assumptions. However, the results also indicate the importance of the specific characteristics of the intergroup situation.

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