Browsing by Author "Gajana, C.S."
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Item Bone, liver and muscle mineral composition of Bontebok, Blesbok and Impala species harvested from different regions(University of Fort Hare, 2021) Mpangele, Papama; Hoffman, L.C.; Marias, J.; Gajana, C.S.The aim of the study was to investigate the mineral concentration of different game species, harvested in different regions. Bone, liver and muscle (Longissimus thoracis et lumborum) mineral composition of game animals (bontebok, Damaliscus pygargus pygargus; blesbok, Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi; and impala, Aepyceros melampus) were investigated. The muscle of all three animals were also analysed for their proximate (moisture, protein, lipid, ash) chemical composition. Impala animals were harvested in three different production systems (intensive, semi-extensive and extensive production systems) and in different regions (Castle de Wildt in Limpopo, South Africa; Mount Etjo in Otjozondjupa, Namibia; and Bredasdorp in Western Cape, South Africa) whilst bontebok and blesbok were harvested in the Western Cape from two different extensive farms. The proximate results for all species ranged between 73.68 – 75.72% moisture, 21.41 – 24.15% protein, 1.44 – 2.38% fat and 1.14 – 1.35% ash. The mineral results showed significant concentrations of Boron (B), Aluminium (Al), Vanadium (V), Antimony (Sb), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), Lead (Pb), and Silicon (Si) micro minerals in the rib of all three (bontebok, blesbok, and impala) species. Whilst the liver had high concentrations of Manganese (Mn), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Selenium (Se), Molybdenum (Mo), and Mercury (Hg) for all species. Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Arsenic (As), and Cadmium (Cd) concentrations differed in species and animal samples. Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn) were high in concentrations for all bontebok animal samples and were very low in the blesbok animal samples. However, impala had high levels of Fe and Zn in the rib. The results also showed that mineral concentrations differed in impala harvested in different production systems. Extensively reared impala from the Western Cape had high concentrations of Cr, Fe, Co, Zn, As, Se, Sr, Mo, Hg, and Si, whereas impala from an extensive system in Namibia had high concentrations of Al, V, Cr, Mn, As, Mo, Hg, and Pb. Impala reared under intensive conditions from Limpopo had high concentrations of V, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, As, and Ba, whereas the semiextensively reared impala from Limpopo had high concentrations of Mn, Fe, Zn, and Ba. The macro minerals from impala from Namibia were found to be very low concentrations as compared to those from Limpopo and the Western Cape. It can therefore, region/production system type does have an effect on the concentration of minerals in these animal samples.Item Effect of ensiling Acacia nilotica and Vachellia karroo pods and leaves with molasses and urea on the chemical composition, secondary compounds and in vitro degradability of silage(University of Fort Hare, 2020) Twalo, Nosipho Morin; Gajana, C.S.; Tikwayo, S.E.The study aims to evaluate chemical composition, in vitro degradability, secondary compounds, and pH of Acacia nilotica and Vachellia karroo (pods and leaves). Two trees per browse species were selected, for harvesting leaves and pods. A completely randomized design was used where each treatment was replicated three times. Then 50% of grass and 50% of pods and leaves were mixed with 3% molasses and urea. The Acacia nilotica and Vachellia karroo (pods and leaves) were harvested just before winter (March-April 2018) at Honey Dale Farm. Kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) was also harvested at the Research Farm of the University of Fort Hare. The fresh Kikuyu grass was cut into small pieces together with Acacia nilotica and Vachellia karroo (pods and leaves). The samples were packed and compacted by hand, pressing into one (1) litre consol jars with airtight fitting lids. The jars were kept at room temperature for 42 days. The silage was analyzed for chemical composition (CP, NDF, ADF, DM, ADL, ash, OM and pH), secondary compounds (condensed tannins and phenolics) and in vitro degradability. Phenolics showed significant differences (P< 0.05) in urea and molasses treatments. On browse trees Acacia nilotica leaves with urea (0.34), Acacia karroo pods leaves with molasses (0.42) and Acacia Karroo pods with molasses (0.45) had low levels of phenolic compounds compared to Acacia nilotica pods with molasses (0.55). Treatments showed significant differences (P<0.05) in tannin content Acacia karroo leaves with urea (0.22), Acacia nilotica pods with urea (0.23) and leaves with molasses (0.23) and Acacia karroo leaves with molasses (0.28) had low levels compared to Acacia nilotica leaves with urea (0.39). In addition, pH showed significant differences (P<0.05) between all the treatments. Acacia nilotica pods with urea (4.91), Acacia nilotica leaves with molasses (5.23), Acacia nilotica leaves with urea (5.27), and Acacia karroo leaves with molasses (5.40) had low levels compared to Acacia nilotica pods with molasses (6.66). The browse silage results showed significant differences (P< 0.05) among all the treatments in their dry matter content. Acacia karroo leaves mixed with molasses, and Acacia nilotica leaves mixed with urea had higher (P<0.05) dry matter content than others. There were highly significant differences (P<0.05) between neutral detergent fibre (NDF), ash acid detergent lignin (ADL), crude protein (CP), organic matter (OM), and acid detergent fibre (ADF) was also significantly different (P<0.05). Acacia karroo pods ensiled with urea (11.90%), Acacia karroo leaves with urea (9.89%), and Acacia nilotica pods with urea (9.21%) had higher CP content than other treatments. The digestibility of treatments compared to time were significantly different (P<0.05) and within the columns, although there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the 12th and 36th hours. Acacia karroo leaves mixed with molasses had the highest (488.23) on the 0 hour and Acacia Nilotica pods with urea on the 12th hour (144.10). In conclusion, ensiling using urea and molasses had a positive effect on secondary compounds, chemical composition and digestibility.Item Feeding Practices in Animal Production: AGA 607, Degree Examinations November 2017(University of Fort Hare, 2017-11) Gajana, C.S.; Mpendulo, C.T.Item Feeding Practices in Livestock Production: AGA 607, Supplementary Examinations January 2019(University of Fort Hare, 2019-01) Gajana, C.S.; Ng'ambi, J.W.Item Land Use Planning: ALP 313, Degree Examinations June 2023(University of Fort Hare, 2023-06) Mdletshe, S.T.C.; Gajana, C.S.; Prince, P.; Yusuf, S.F.G.; Gusha, B.; Mzini, L.L.; Gasa, S.; Nortje, G.Item Land Use Planning: ALP 313, Special Examinations January 2019(University of Fort Hare, 2019-01) Gajana, C.S.; Manyevere, A.; Yusuf, S.F.G.; Mopipi, K.; Mzini, L.L.; Moyo, R.; Mdletshe, S.T.C.; Nortje, G.Item Pig and Poultry Production: AGA 415, Degree Examinations June 2023(University of Fort Hare, 2023-06) Gajana, C.S.; Nduku, X.Item Pig and Poultry Production: AGA 415, Supplementary Examinations, June 2025(University of Fort Hare, 2025-06) Gajana, C.S.; Nduku, X.Item Ruminant Nutrition: AGA 323, Degree Examinations November 2018(University of Fort Hare, 2018-11) Gajana, C.S.; Mpendulo, C.T.