Quality indices of the final effluents of two sub-urban-based wastewater treatment plants in Amathole District Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa

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dc.contributor.advisorOkoh, Anthony Ien
dc.contributor.advisorZhou, Len
dc.contributor.authorGcilitshana, Oneleen
dc.date.accessioned2026-08-12T23:25:38Z
dc.date.available2026-08-12T23:25:38Z
dc.date.issued2014en
dc.description.abstractWorldwide, water reuse is promoted as an alternative for water scarcity, however, wastewater effluents have been reported as possible contaminants to surface water. The failure of some wastewater treatment processes to completely remove organic matter and some pathogenic microorganisms allows them to initiate infections. This manifests more in communities where surface water is used directly for drinking. To assess water quality, bacteria alone cannot be used as it may be absent in virus-contaminated water. This study was carried out to assess the quality of two wastewater treatment plant effluents from the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Physicochemical parameters and microbiological parameters like faecal coliforms, adenovirus, rotavirus, hepatitis A virus, norovirus and enterovirus were evaluated over a projected period of one year. Physicochemical parameters were measured on site using multiparameters, faecal coliforms enumerated using culture-based methods and viruses are detected using both conventional and real-time PCR. Physicochemical parameters like electrical conductivity, turbidity, free chlorine and phosphates were incompliant with the standards set by the Department of Water affairs for effluents to be discharged. Faecal coliform counts were nil for one plant (WWTP-R) where they correlated inversely (P < 0.01) with the high free chlorine. For WWTP-K, faecal coliforms were detected in 27% of samples in the range of 9.9 × 101 to 6.4× 104 CFU/100ml. From the five viruses assessed, three viruses were detected with Rotavirus being the most abundant (0-2034176 genome copies/L) followed by Adenovirus (0–275 genome copies/L) then Hepatitis A virus (0–71 genome copies/L) in the WWTP-K while none of the viruses was detected in WWTP-R. Species B, species C and Adv41 serotypes were detected from the May 2013 and June 2013 samples where almost all parameters were incompliant in the plant. The detection of these viruses in supposedly treated effluents is suggestive of these being the sources of contamination to surface water and therefore renders surface waters unsafe for direct use and to aquatic life. Although real-time PCR is more sensitive and reliable in detection of viruses, use of cell-culture techniques in this study would have been more efficient in confirming the infectivity of the viruses detected, hence the recommendation of these techniques in future projects of this nature.en
dc.formatpdfen
dc.format98 leaves; 30 cmen
dc.identifier.citationGcilitshana, Onele. 2014en
dc.identifier.othervital:11288en
dc.identifier.otherhttp://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1019816en
dc.identifier.otherWhole effluent toxicity testing -- South Africa -- Eastern Capeen
dc.identifier.otherSewage disposal plants -- South Africa -- Eastern Capeen
dc.identifier.otherWater -- Purification -- South Africa -- Eastern Capeen
dc.identifier.otherEffluent quality -- Testingen
dc.identifier.otherViruses -- South Africa -- Eastern Capeen
dc.identifier.otherWater reuse -- South Africa -- Eastern Capeen
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11837/4548
dc.language.isoEnglishen
dc.publisherUniversity of Fort Hareen
dc.publisherFaculty of Science & Agricultureen
dc.rightsUniversity of Fort Hareen
dc.subjectWhole effluent toxicity testing -- South Africa -- Eastern Capeen
dc.subjectSewage disposal plants -- South Africa -- Eastern Capeen
dc.subjectWater -- Purification -- South Africa -- Eastern Capeen
dc.subjectEffluent quality -- Testingen
dc.subjectViruses -- South Africa -- Eastern Capeen
dc.subjectWater reuse -- South Africa -- Eastern Capeen
dc.titleQuality indices of the final effluents of two sub-urban-based wastewater treatment plants in Amathole District Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africaen
dc.title.alternativeQuality indices of the final effluents of two sub-urban-based wastewater treatment plants in Amathole District Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africaen
dc.typeThesisen
dc.typeMastersen
dc.typeMSc (Microbiology)en

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