Browsing by Author "Jaja, Ishmael Festus"

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    Commercial Day-Old Chicks in Nigeria Are Potential Reservoirs of Colistin- and Tigecycline-Resistant Potentially Pathogenic Escherichia coli
    (MDPI, 2024-11-10) Anyanwu, Madubuike Umunna; Ikenna-Ezeh, Nkechi Harriet; Okafor, Simeon Chibuko; Ezemuoka, Chinaza Francisca; Nwobi, Obichukwu Chisom; Ogunniran, Temitope Mofoluso; Obodoechi, Lynda Onyinyechi; Okorie-Kanu, Onyinye Josephine; Mgbeahuruike, Anthony Christian; Okosi, Ifeyinwa Riona; Jaja, Ishmael Festus
    Background: Frequent use of colistin (COL) and tetracyclines in the Nigerian poultry sector potentially triggers bacterial resistance against COL and tigecycline (TIG), which are last-line antibiotics used to treat multidrug-resistant infections. Aim/Objectives: This study aimed to isolate COL- and TIG-resistant E. coli from commercial day-old chicks distributed to poultry farmers in Nsukka Southeastern Nigeria, assess the production of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase by the isolates, and establish their pathogenic potentials. Materials and Methods: Non-duplicate cloacal swabs were systematically collected from 250 randomly selected day-old chicks. MacConkey agar with 1 µg/mL of COL and 16 µg/mL of tetracycline was used for the isolation of putative COL- and tetracycline-resistant E. coli, respectively. E. coli isolates were confirmed biochemically using the API20E Gram-negative identification kit and molecularly by polymerase chain reaction targeting the uidA gene. Phenotypic COL resistance was established using COL agar and COL disc elution tests, while TIG insusceptibility was determined with disc diffusion. ESBL and carbapenemase production was assessed by double-disc synergy and modified carbapenem inactivation methods, respectively. Pathogenic potentials were determined using phenotypic methods. Results: COL- and TIG-resistant E. coli was recovered from 95 (38.0%) and 62 (24.8%) swabs from the 250 chicks, respectively. None of the isolates were potential ESBL or carbapenemase producers. The COL-resistant isolates displayed pathogenic potentials such as biofilm formation, haemagglutination, cell surface hydrophobicity, surface layer, and gelatinase activities at rates of 30.7%, 8.4%, 33.7%, 23.5%, and 17.6%, respectively. Meanwhile, the TIG-resistant isolates exhibited their respective potentials at rates of 47.0%, 21.0%, 35.5%, 58.1%, and 43.6%. Red, dry, and rough (RDAR) was the predominant curli fimbriae, and the cellulose morphotype portrayed by both the COL- and TIG-unsusceptible potential biofilm-producing isolates. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that a significant percentage of commercial day-old chicks distributed to farmers in Nsukka, southeastern Nigeria, are colonized by potentially pathogenic COL- and TIG-resistant E. coli, which could spread to humans and the environment.
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    Meat condemnation in slaughtered bovine species in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.
    (University of Fort Hare, 2014) Jaja, Ishmael Festus; Muchenje, V.; Green, E.
    A study was conducted in three abattoirs represented by the acronym ANA, QTA and EBA, to determine the causes of meat condemnation and to ascertain monetary losses associated with such condemnation. Ante-mortem and active abattoir surveys were conducted on 229, 458 and 687 cattle from the three abattoirs respectively and abattoir slaughter records (n=51, 302) was obtained from 2010 to 2012. The abattoir records showed that the liver was the most frequently condemned (56.9%), followed by the lung (24.1%), then the heart (7.4%), kidney (6.9%), spleen (4.0%), tongue (0.4%) and carcass (0.3%). An assessment of the abattoir secondary data revealed that the major cause of condemnation of the liver at ANA, QTA and EBA was fasciolosis (5.59, 4.48, 2.68), spleen (abscess, 0.35, 0.94, 0.17) kidney (inflammation, 0.94, 1.01, 1.18), heart (inflammation, 0.9, 1.85, 0.75), tongue (abscess, 0.08, 0.03, 0.05) and lungs (emphysema, 1.12, 1.14, 1.16). Disease/conditions recorded during ante-mortem inspection of animals at the lairage were diarrhea, lameness, emaciation, blindness, orchitis, mastitis, skin conditions, and respiratory symptoms corresponding to 8, 1, 13, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 11 percent, respectively. The percentage of condemned organs was higher during the active abattoir meat inspection than in the previous records from the abattoir. Additional losses of tongue due to gunshot injury and the heart due to cysticercosis were recorded. Prevalence of fasciolosis was calculated and seasonal occurrence was determined based on monthly assortment. From the retrospective data, the prevalence of fasciolsis was 2.9 percent (n = 78728) while the annual (2011, 2012, 2013) prevalence of Fasciola infection for AB1 was (3.2, 2.2 and 2.0%), AB2 (6.4, 4.6 and 3.5%) and AB3 (14.4, 6.9 and 9.5%). Higher prevalence was obtain in summer (AB1 = 10.4%, AB2 = 12.8% and AB3 = 10.9%) and autumn (AB1 = 11.2%, AB2 = 10.8% and AB3 = 8.6%) than in winter (AB1 = 9.8%, AB2 = 6.5% and AB3 = 5.9%) and spring (AB1 = 8.2%, AB2 = 7.8% and AB3 = 5.9%). Monetary loss associated with carcass/offal condemnations in the three abattoirs from 2010 to 2012 was 630, 456 South African Rand (ZAR) or 59, 244 United States Dollars (USD), while the summation of losses due to condemnation during the 6 month active meat inspection revealed a higher loss of ZAR 111, 337.5 (10, 383.8 USD) . Monetary losses associated with carcass weight loss, whole and partial liver condemnation due to infection with Fasciola was calculated as ZAR 917, 921.5 (83, 447 USD), ZAR 31, 661.5 (2, 878 USD) and ZAR 19, 112.3 (1, 737 USD) respectively. In conclusion, organs and carcasses were condemned for several disease and non-disease factors and this led to significant financial loss.